Transmission / creation of authentication code is via USB or NFC between hardware key and computer without manual typing steps.Plaintext code is displayed and typed by user manually, visually.Challenge / response is signed (encoding originating domain/website) to prevent interception and reuse.Plaintext code response vulnerable to interception and MITM attack if user has been phished by malicious website.Private key only stored on user hardware device.Transmission of public key challenge / response.Shared secret may be stored in plaintext on server.Plaintext or QR code transmission of shared secret between server and user.Specifically:Ĭomparison of security issues between TOTP and U2F 6-digit codes generated on Google Authenticator) were a significant improvement over SMS-based security codes, a number of security vulnerabilities were still possible to exploit, which U2F sought to improve. While Time-based one-time passwords (e.g.

While initially developed by Google and Yubico, with contribution from NXP Semiconductors, the standard is now hosted by the FIDO Alliance. It is succeeded by the FIDO2 Project, which includes the W3C Web Authentication ( WebAuthn) standard and the FIDO Alliance's Client to Authenticator Protocol 2 (CTAP2). Universal 2nd Factor ( U2F) is an open standard that strengthens and simplifies two-factor authentication (2FA) using specialized Universal Serial Bus (USB) or near-field communication (NFC) devices based on similar security technology found in smart cards.

Azure u2f